A brief overview of the Russian system of scientific observers on the fisheries is presented. Information is given on the fishing grounds of Russian scientific observers working and their coverage in different types of fisheries. A review of regulatory documents regarding scientific observation in the Russian fishing industry is made. Its main problems and prospects are given. Changes and additions to the Russian legislation may lead to a significant improvement of this system. There is proposed a criterion for assessing the role of fishing companies in the Russian system of scientific observers: Index of scientific monitoring in the fishery.

In modern conditions, universities need to learn to respond flexibly to external challenges and provide the economy with effective personnel with a wide range of competencies. To achieve the corresponding results, it is necessary to introduce innovative educational technologies into the educational processes, which can help to increase the interest of students in the subject of study, the acquisition and development of flexible skills and competencies.

This article analyzes the main advantages of innovative educational technology - the case method, considers the advantages of its use in the context of gaining competitive advantages by students, including in further employment.

The nature and methods of fishing become extremely important in inland waters with a limited raw material base and sharply changing reproductive capacity of fish herds under the influence of habitat. Currently, 19 species of semi-passable and river fish are used in the Astrakhan region. All these species live in a single water area and practically do not create local singlespecies clusters. The modern resource base of semi-navigable and river fish, on which industrial fishing in the Astrakhan region is based, is limited. Stocks of a number of fish species are declining – roach, tench, pike. Stocks of others are stagnating at a low level – bream, catfish. At the same time, the annual increase in fishing intensity due to the commissioning of new fishing sites does not compensate for the decrease in commercial catches, which indicates the tense state of the fishing resource base in the Astrakhan region.

The work is devoted to the study of the physico-chemical characteristics of wood smoke used in the production of hot and cold smoked fish. The dispersion composition of wood smoke is determined depending on the temperature in the smoke formation zone and the excess air coefficient. The content of the main smoky components and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particles of the dispersed phase of wood smoke of various sizes has been established. A model of changing the dispersed composition of smoky smoke in the process of hot smoking is proposed. Theoretical calculations based on the proposed models of changes in the dispersed composition have been experimentally confirmed.

 Physico-chemical and statistical research methods were used in the work.

The article discusses the features and importance of small-scale fisheries in the world, the activities of the FAO to ensure it and the existing problems in this sector of fisheries. The experience of foreign states in the legal regulation of small-scale fisheries is noted. Based on the understanding of such fisheries in FAO, the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation relevant to smallscale fisheries are considered. The existing initiatives to change Russian legislation were analyzed and evaluated, and appropriate recommendations were developed.

The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of the distribution between fishing enterprises – users of aquatic biological resources of the volumes (quotas) of pollock production (catch) for industrial and coastal fishing in the Western Bering Sea zone in the period 2015-2021.

The article considers a state of commercial stocks of trumpeters in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk subzone at present stage of their research. Prospective objects of industrial fishing and areas of their extraction are given.

A brief historical reference is given on the state of bullheads and their stocks off the Dagestan coast of the Middle Caspian in the second half of the twentieth century. The data on catches and by-catch during the spawning migration of gobies in nets and seines when fishing for Vimba vimba and herring Clupeidae in the Tersko-Caspian fisheries subdistrict of the Republic of Dagestan 2018- 2021 are presented. The biological parameters of the deep-sea goby ponticola bathybius, which is the most numerous in by-catches (90%) during the fishing period, are given. Data on the total and commercial stock of goby fish in this research area are presented.

The regulation of the flow of the Volga River by the Zhigulevskaya HPS has changed the living conditions for many fish species. At the same time, the pelagial was a completely new type of biotope for the fish population. The fish population of the Kuibyshev reservoir, newly formed in the pelagial, began to have certain features inherent in this biotope. Currently, according to the results of four years of research, 18 species of fish have been noted here, belonging to 5 families, the basis of which are five species - kilka, sabrefish, bleak, pike perch and bream. It was revealed that the Volga part of the reservoir is more productive than the Kama part, and pelagic fish communities have a certain vertical distribution and migration through the water column, mainly occupying the biomass accumulation zone. The absence of a fishing fleet and the trend in the development of fishing on the reservoir casts doubt on the further rational use of aquatic biological resources in this ecological zone of the Kuibyshev reservoir.

Based on materials in period from 2003 to 2018 years, the history of invasion, ecology, allocation and some biology features of the Stellate tadpole-goby in the Cheboksary reservoir are considered. A brief biological characteristic of its age and size-weight indicators, features of the distribution of the species and the dynamics of relative abundance in the temporal and spatial aspects are given.

The need for optimization of technologies of fish sperm cryopreservation is conditioned by instability of fresh sperm quality. Presented protocols of cyprinids sperm cryopreservation have been optimized following the results of experiments carried out on varied-quality biomaterial. These protocols ensure with high effectiveness both freezing big volumes of sperm under laboratory and field conditions. Effectiveness of the protocol with two-stage freezing regime in addition has been confirmed by results of cryopreservation of cyprinids sperm samples for addition to the collection of low-temperature gene bank of VNIIPRKH for the last four years.

The peculiarities of the growth of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis (Nordst.) in water from highly mineralized lakes of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Southern Trans-Urals are investigated. The highest growth rates were established within the mineralization range of 3-30 g/l. The maximum mineralization values for spirulina growth were 80 g/l. pH values did not affect the intensity of spirulina growth. The longest duration of spirulina cultivation in lake water without the addition of nutrient medium was 3 months. With the addition of spirulina, the number of artemia in the water from the lake increased by one order of magnitude.

Modern combined feeds provide high plastic growth of fish, but their composition differs from the natural food of fish, and first – by the presence or absence of biologically active substances (BAS) of natural origin in their composition, which regulate many metabolic processes in the body. The shortage of BAS in feed, in conditions of high-intensity aquaculture and super-intensive cultivation technologies, can affect the quality of producers and their offspring. Along with vitamins and minerals, this also includes carotenoids – natural pigments contained in the natural food of fish. Caratinoids are a numerous and widespread group of pigments in nature that are part of the cells of microorganisms, algae and higher plants, as well as animal and human cells. It was found that the addition of astaxanthin 20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg to the composition of production feeds allowed increasing productivity by 22.0% and 39.2%, respectively, and to have a positive effect on the physiological state of fish.

The characteristics of the mass, sex and age composition of the Far Eastern trepang and gray sea urchin grown in the conditions of a mariferm during 2019-2021 in the waters of the Dunay Bay and the coast of Askold Island (Peter the Great Hall, Sea of Japan) are given.

Twisted threads made of polyethylene and nylon, different in diameter and manufacturer, were studied, the dependences of wear on various layouts were revealed. The given experimental data and the obtained formulas make it possible to carry out a clear calculation for the selection of the appropriate diameter and structure of polyethylene threads when replacing nylon threads. It also shows an approach to the principles of the layout of polyethylene threads for the production of knotted parts with maximum strength and wear-resistant characteristics.

The efficiency of Pacific salmon fishing is largely determined by the quantity and quality of the products produced. Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is the second most commercially important species among Pacific salmon. In order to determine the norms of waste, losses, output of finished products and consumption of raw materials in the production of granular salmon caviar from the chum salmon of the Okhotsk catch area of the North Okhotsk subzone, pilot control work was carried out within the boundaries of the Khabarovsk Territory. As a result, the average values of waste, losses, consumption of raw materials and output of finished products in the production of granular chum salmon caviar on an egg–punching machine with an installation for washing caviar-grain were established. The yield of granular chum salmon caviar was 80.1%, the consumption coefficient of raw eggs per unit of finished product was 1.248.

Search of innovative approaches in development of health food products rich in essential food nutraceuticals is becoming increasingly important in the modern world. Microalgae as a source of biologically active compounds have shown a high potential to meet the needs of the population from a therapeutic, prophylactic and environmental point of view. The article analyzes the main nutraceuticals of microalgae (Arthrospira platensis (cyanobacterium), Dunaliella salina, Diacronema lutheri, Tetraselmis viridis), formulates food compositions of functional orientation with their use (food seasoning for minced fish and jelly concentrate), recommendations for use in health-improving diets were given.

The relevance of the topic is justified by the demand for fish sauce products of increased nutritional value, the underutilization of the biopotential of sprat waste and sea buckthorn growing in the Kaliningrad region. The chemical composition, amino acid composition of proteins of the peptide and proteinmineral additives, made by the method of high-temperature hydrolysis from the heads of smoked sprats, was studied. The high biological activity and digestibility of the peptide sprat additive is shown. Using the method of mathematical planning of the experiment, a mathematical model was obtained that reflects an adequate relationship between the organoleptic assessment of the sauce and the content of the main components. On the basis of this model, the optimal dosages of the peptide additive and rye flour were established, which determine the desired taste, aromatic and structural properties of the sauce. The formulation and technology of four types of original sauce products with the use of sprat peptide additive, rye flour, cream and sea buckthorn oil have been developed. The formulation and technology of four types of original sauce products with the use of sprat peptide additive, rye flour, cream and sea buckthorn oil have been developed. The organoleptic quality indicators of the resulting sauces with and without the addition of sea buckthorn oil have been established. The general chemical composition of sauce products was studied, indicating its balance in terms of the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. A high content of carotenoids in sauces with sea buckthorn additives and their functionality in terms of beta-carotene content have been established. The general chemical composition of sauce products was studied, indicating its balance in terms of the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. A high content of carotenoids in sauces with sea buckthorn additives and their functionality in terms of betacarotene content have been established.

An important aspect of the technology of processing fish raw materials is the development of food products of various directions using modern methods of biotechnological processing. In this regard, in food biotechnology, special attention is paid to biotransformation by promising strains of bacterial starter cultures to produce food products with improved quality characteristics, and in particular with a functional orientation. The use of bacterial starter cultures in the production of fish food products can be a way to extend the shelf life due to the formation of metabolites of their vital activity (acids and bacteriocins), which are the main factor of bioconservation. At the same time, the biochemical activity of bacterial starter cultures will contribute to improving the organoleptic and structural-mechanical properties of raw materials, as well as increasing the nutritional value and synthesis of vitamins and other nutrients, and giving the final product probiotic properties. This trend is a response to the interest of the population of the Russian Federation in probiotic products, which allows to normalize the indigenous microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby strengthening the human body and its immune system as a whole. In this regard, the analysis of data on the justification of the use of bacterial starter cultures for the biotransformation of fish raw materials was carried out, and the necessary strains of microorganisms were selected. The analysis of scientific and technical databases has shown the prospects of scientific developments on the use of bacterial starter cultures as protective microorganisms and the study of the influence of the conditions of cultivation and preservation of bioactivity of a living cell under the influence of physical and chemical factors during the technological process of production and subsequent storage of products, which is of particular importance for the creation of probiotic food products. The conducted research will be used in the construction of mathematical models of the process of biotransformation of fish raw materials as a basis for the development of technological processing parameters for its subsequent use in the formulations of "fast food" products containing functional components, which is justified by the accelerated rhythm of life and the desire of modern society to monitor their nutrition by eating products that support a healthy lifestyle. In food biotechnology, special attention is given to biotransformation of promising strains of bacterial starter cultures for the production of food products with improved quality characteristics and functional orientation. In this regard, the analysis of data on the justification of the use of commercial, potentially commercial fish types for biotransformation by bacterial starter cultures and the selection of the necessary strains of microorganisms, which will be used in the construction of mathematical models of the process of biotransformation of fish raw materials as a basis for the development of technological parameters of processing.

The work is devoted to the study of the physico-chemical characteristics of wood smoke used in the production of hot and cold smoked fish. The dispersion composition of wood smoke is determined depending on the temperature in the smoke formation zone and the excess air coefficient. The content of the main smoky components and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particles of the dispersed phase of wood smoke of various sizes has been established. A model of changing the dispersed composition of smoky smoke in the process of hot smoking is proposed. Theoretical calculations based on the proposed models of changes in the dispersed composition have been experimentally confirmed.

Physico-chemical and statistical research methods were used in the work.